Current Medical and Drug Research (ISSN: 2581-5008) (Abbreviation: Curr Med Drug Res) is an international research journal dedicated to publish all type of Review articles, Min-review articles, Research articles, Short communications, Case reports, Letter to Editor, Book reviews and Commentaries in the all areas of Medical Sciences including anatomy, physiology, surgery, cardiology, pulmonary medicine, drug research, pharmacology, pharmaceutics, pharmacognosy, pharmacodynamics, etc. The journal aims to publish high-quality papers in all areas of medical sciences and other relevant areas to promote the recent advances in medical science for humanity.
Tagetes erecta (Marigold) - A review on its phytochemical and medicinal properties
Medicinal plants extract and secondary metabolites are becoming popular all over the world as a natural alternative to synthetically produced chemicals both in Traditional and Allopathic system of medicine. This article discusses the medicinal values of Tagetes erecta (Compositae), also known as Genda Phul (marigold), reported during the period between 2006 and 2014. Different parts of the plant are useful in fevers, astringent, carminative, stomachic, scabies and liver complaints, diseases of the eyes, purify the blood, bleeding piles, rheumatism, colds and bronchitis. The plant Tagetes erecta contains various important phytochemical constituents from the different part of the plant. It shows different pharmacological activities like anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, insecticidal, larvicidal, hepatoprotective, antipyretic, wound healing, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antiepileptic and antifungal. This review discusses the investigation made by various workers related to chemical constituents, pharmacological action and toxicological studies, traditional and non-pharmacological uses of this plant for years.
Genda Marigold Tagetes erecta Traditional medicine
Chemistry and biological activities of 2-azetidinone derivatives – A mini-review
2-Azetidinone skeleton is well established as the pharmacophore of β-lactam antibiotics. β-lactam antibiotics are the most widely employed class of antibiotics. The structural diversity of biologically active β-lactam antibiotics led to the development of many novel methods for the construction of appropriately substituted azetidine with attendant control of functional group and stereochemistry. Azetidine derivatives are reported to show a variety of antimicrobial, antitubercular, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular activities. These activities showed that the minor change in the substitution pattern activities of azetidine derivatives have enhanced dramatically.
2-Azetidinone Anti-inflammatory activity Antimicrobial activity Antitubercular activity
Cotrimoxazole and teicoplanin in the management of Covid-19: Pleiotropic effects, shadows and lights
At present, coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, has turned into a global pandemic. Comparable to the H7N9 virus, SARS-CoV-2 causes soaring mortality in elderly patients who have pre-existing chronic diseases. SARS-CoV-2 infects human epithelial cells by binding to human angiotensin-converting enzyme2 (ACE2). Multi-organ failure has been observed in some patients with severe COVID-19. TheACE2 expression profile suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection may initiate or even directly cause organ failure. In addition to direct infection, evidence shows that an elevated inflammatory immune response is also involved in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity of the cotrimoxazole (CTX) and teicoplanin are seen in several studies that show the lower concentrations of plasma pro-inflammatory markers like CRP, IL6 in continuous CTX prophylaxis, suggesting its role as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulation. The present review concludes that both teicoplanin and CTX are effective in the management of Covid-19 through anti-SARS-CoV-2 and anti-inflammatory effects as well as controlling of secondary bacterial infections.
Coronavirus Cotrimoxazole Covid-19 Teicoplanin
Baicalein inhibits KB oral cancer cells by inducing apoptosis via modulation of ROS
The theme of the current examination was to evaluate the anticancer activity of baicalein (5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone) in human oral cancer KB-cells by observing cell restraint intercellular ROS movement and apoptotic changes using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) test. The concentration of baicalein at 80 μM caused 100% cancer cell inhibition. Therefore, lower concentrations i.e. 10, 20 and 40 μM were selected in the present study. Baicalein at 40 μM significantly hindered human oral cancer KB cells. In the interim, incendiary and apoptosis were seen through expanded ROS action that actuated apoptotic cell death. The results of the present study suggested that the anticancer effect of baicalein is likely due to its potential to improve ROS level and hence the increased apoptotic activity. This study suggested that baicalein might be a potential candidate for the treatment of oral cancer.
Phytochemical, antimicrobial and antioxidant studies of the leaf extract of Hamelia patens
This study aimed to characterise the different extracts of the leaves of Hamelia patens Jacq. (Rubiaceae) and to evaluate their antibacterial and antioxidant activities in vitro. Phytochemical screening of the leaf extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols, tannins and carotenoids. The extracts were further characterised with the help of FTIR and UV-VIS spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion method and the zone of inhibition was measured. 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant capability of the extract. The extract was found effective in inhibiting the growth of both E. coli and S. aureus at 5 μg/mL concentration. The methanolic extract was also found to scavenge DPPH radicals. Although the extract is found effective in the present study, however, further research is required to evaluate the biological activity in higher experimental models.
Hamelia patens Phytochemical test DPPH Antibacterial activity
Antimicrobial activity of the water-soluble ash extract from the invasive weed Parthenium hysterophorus L.
Parthenium hysterophorus L., also known as congress grass or carrot grass, is a widely distributed invasive weed which is a big challenge for sustainable agriculture. For the past several years, a number of attempts have been made to evaluate its medicinal properties. The present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the water-soluble ash extract of P. hysterophorus against different bacterial and fungal pathogens. The disc diffusion method was used to measure zone of inhibition (ZOI) whereas broth microdilution method was used to evaluate minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract. The extract was found most effective against Staphylococcus aureus with a ZOI value of 33.5 mm at 33 mg/mL concentration when compared with ofloxacin (ZOI = 39.5 mm at 5 μg/disc). The extract was also found active against Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli with ZOI values of 25.5, 32.5 and 25.5 mm, respectively. The present study revealed that the ash extract of P. hysterophorus has potential to inhibit various bacterial species. However, the tested fungal pathogens like Candida albicans were found unaffected after treating with the ash extract.
Antimicrobial activity Compositae Gajar ghas Invasive weed Klebsiella pneumonia Parthenium hysterophorus
Brain injury and SARS-CoV-2 infection: Bidirectional pathways
Coronavirus infection disease (COVID-19) is a recent pandemic infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 is associated with different neurological manifestations, as one-third of COVID-19 patients have some neurological disorders, including paraesthesia, headache, cold extremities and disturbances of consciousness, that are more evident in severely affected patients. The entry of SARS-CoV-2 into human host cells is mediated mainly by the cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is expressed at very low levels in the CNS under normal conditions. The dissemination of COVID-19 in the systemic circulation or across the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone during an early or later phase of the infection can lead to cerebral involvement as has been reported in the past for SARS-CoV affected patients. COVID‐19‐related CNS dysfunction results from direct viral injury, indirect consequences of immune‐mediated disease, systemic effects of infection, or local effects of the virus is still a matter of debate and these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive.
CNS dysfunction Coronavirus COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2
Galenic Hospital Laboratory during COVID-19 emergency - A practical experience in an advanced country
In the actual Covid-19 emergency, as pandemic disease, in many countries at the same time, there was the rapid need to use preventive and therapeutic measures to control the diffusion of infection. In PC Area (Italy North) during the period between March and May 2020, there were observed about 1000 deaths related to Covid-19 (in March 2020 +271% death vs 2019). Between all the measures submitted by a public international institution like WHO, OMS, CDC and many others, the deeply use of disinfectants product became a crucial fact in safety procedure and protocols. The high amount of these disinfectants and antiseptic was needed especially in hospital settings or assimilates structure (named as the Covid-19 hospital) but also for territorial healthcare need. So, it was needed to buy these products from industries but also to start an internal production in Galenic Laboratories. This was because of pharmaceutical industries were not provided, in some cases, the requested amount of these safe life products. In this work, we reported a practical experience in a public hospital, PC area related galenic extra-ordinary production of disinfectants and antiseptics. The result of this local experience can be easily translated to other advanced and developing countries in the world.
Coronavirus Covid-19 Disinfectants Emergency Galenic High production Laboratory Preventive measure Tempestivity
Current and future role of immobilized enzymes in medical field
Although the history of immobilized enzymes and their applications in different fields are traced back to the second half of the twentieth century, their importance in bioreactors and biosensors highlighted at the turn of the current century is under active consideration in these days for broad-spectrum applications in different medical fields. Thus, this article presents a review of the literature concerning the current and future role of the immobilized enzymes in different medical fields. As the author and his supervised research groups have also been actively involved in research on immobilized enzymes, he has also made some input with a recommendation to revise the current classification of immobilized enzymes basically into “Naturally Immobilized” and “Artificially Immobilized Enzymes”, keeping the sub-classification intact. He has also suggested the development of some medical products based on the results of his research groups.
Anti-inflammatory agents Artificially immobilized enzymes Immunosensors Matrix entrapped enzymes
COVID-19 and risk of cardiomyocyte injury: The prevailing scenario
The novel coronavirus which is also called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is responsible for COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). SARS-CoV-2 is known to cause substantial pulmonary disease, including pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), clinicians have observed many extra-pulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. SARS‐CoV‐2 infection is associated with a variety of pro‐inflammatory mediators that may play important roles in the pathophysiology of cardiac and arrhythmic complications. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (cytokine storm) is another putative mechanism of myocardial injury. In addition to lung damage, there may be significant cardiac involvement in patients with COVID-19, which is responsible for worsening the clinical condition of the host. The main cardiac manifestations can be oedema, pericarditis, cardiac fibrosis, myocarditis, impairment of contractile function and cardiac electrophysiology. The cardiac status of patients with ongoing SARS-CoV-2 infection of surviving patients in convalescence period should be carefully monitored.
Cardiac injury Coronavirus 2 Novel Coronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Elucidation of the origin of autoimmune diseases via computational multiscale mechanobiology and extracellular matrix remodeling: theories and phenomenon of immunodominance
Experimental practices of computational multiscale mechanobiology were applied to explicate different topographies of mechanobiology and to predict the fine minutiae of mechanosensing and mechanotransduction in a cellular system accurately. Autoimmune diseases denoted as biologically implausible. Recently, scientific and medical communities investigated autoimmune diseases and associated settings to conclude the disarrays of autoimmune as earlier as possible. Therefore, an urgent need is there to evaluate ocular immunology and the route of growth of autoimmune diseases. Scientific investigations play a significant role to detect interrelated cures and bearing research for probing treatments for autoimmune diseases, which are yet undiscovered. Extracellular matrix remodeling followed in the cellular microenvironment dynamically to manage remodelling events. Immunodominance deals with the immunodominance mechanism evolved in response to clearing any type of infection and not yet distinguished entirely.
Autoimmune diseases Computational multiscale mechanobiology Extracellular matrix remodelling Immunodominance
Piper attenuatum Buch.-Ham. ex Miq. - A review on its macroscopic characters, phytochemistry, medicinal importance and its comparative study with other Piper species
The tropical plant species of family Piperaceae had been consumed from ancient time and has reputed place in the Indian Ayurvedic system as a medicine and as a spice in foods. Piper species are also an important part in folklore medicine of Latin America and West Indies. Piper attenuatum Buch.-Ham. ex Miq., an important Piper species, mainly found in the southern tropical and sub-tropical regions of India and is much used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. However, there is insufficient research about the mechanisms behind the medicinal action of P. attenuatum but diverse pharmacological activities like antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycaemic and antioxidant are reported from various extracts of this plant. It contains various important phytochemicals like crotepoxide, piperine, guineensine and piperlonguminine which are responsible for its therapeutic efficacy. Crotepoxide is reported to exhibit significant antitumor activity. The seed extract is reported to have antioxidant activity. Piperine is reported to increase the bioavailability of other drugs by interacting with various enzymes responsible for metabolism. The current article provides an updated literature review on recent advancement on pharmacognosy, chemistry and pharmacological activities of P. attenuatum.
Anticancer Antioxidant Biological profile Natural Products Piper attenuatum
The potential role of Bromhexine in the management of COVID-19: Decipher and a real game-changer
Primary infection of SARS‐CoV‐2 (novel coronavirus or 2019‐nCoV), which leads to Covid-19, targets specific cells, such as nasal, bronchial epithelial and pneumocytes, through the viral structural spike (S) protein that binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Also, type 2 transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2) present in the host cell promotes viral uptake by cleaving ACE2 and triggering the SARS-CoV-2 S protein, which facilitates SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells. One of the TMPRSS2 inhibitors with a greater distribution capacity into the lung tissue is bromhexine hydrochloride which attenuates the entry and proliferation of SARS‐CoV‐2. Bromhexine is an effective drug in the management and treatment of Covid-19 pneumonia via targeting ACE2/ TMPRSS2 pathway. However, prospective and controlled clinical trials are recommended to confirm this observation.
Bromhexine COVID-19 Novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2 TMPRSS2
Prospects of integrated medicine as a future problem solver
Many medical drugs extensively cause side effects and their prices are out of reach of the common man particularly of that from the developing countries. Thus the major objectives of this article are choice of appropriate drugs from all medical fields after due research-based rationalization, down-costing of prices of drugs to qualify their use at poor country’s level and elimination of antagonism between the practitioners from different fields: mainstream, naturopathy, homeopathy, electronic gem therapy, traditional medicine, etc. Requisite secondary data was collected from the published literature on different fields of medicine, while the primary data based on self and other’s empirical experience, was computed recalling self- witnessed medical treatment cases and interviews of the experts from different fields. The data were then sorted, processed and interpreted; the results were reported as descriptive research. The results did impress to believe that nature is equipped with extensive cures of diseases from which the humanity is suffering and thus the research should be focused on the use of medicinal seeds and herbs to rationalize their use as antibacterial agents in particular and others in general. Many substances, if taken, in crude form, may undergo certain biochemical reactions more energetically and effectively to cure the ailing parts of the living body, rays scattered through a prismatic structure of diamonds can have soothing and energizing effects on body joints to relieve them from pain and so on. All the fields of medicine do have significant potential for eradication of a large number of diseases. It may be in the interest of humanity all over the globe to develop a strategy to pick what is the best in all of them for use to cure ailing humanity. To achieve better results, it is in the general interest of medical practice to merge all the fields to develop a synthesized system that may be called "Integrated Medicine”.
Antibiotic Electronic gem therapy Homeopathy Integrated Medicine Naturopathy
Oil pulling - A natural therapy for oral health stress management
The indigenous systems of medicines, specifically, Ayurveda have been practiced since centuries. Even though dentistry was not a specialized branch of Ayurveda, it is included in its Shalakya Tantra (system of surgery). Deformities such as oral cavity, plaques and infections were managed in ancient India by using plant based drugs as they are used frequently due to their relatively safe and effective nature. These drugs are being overlooked and not the part of main course of treatments. However, recent studies have been reported their multidimensional therapeutic potential and also comparatively effective and rapid onset of action. Oil pulling (Kaval, Gandush) practice is claimed to cure about 30 systemic diseases. The oil therapy is preventative as well as curative. Ayurveda advises oil gargling to purify the entire system as it holds that each section of the tongue is connected to different organs such as to the kidneys, lungs, liver, heart, small intestines, stomach, colon, and spine etc. Oil pulling has been used extensively as a traditional Indian folk remedy for many years to prevent decay, bleeding gums, dryness of throat, for strengthening teeth, gums and the jaw. It is a powerful detoxifying Ayurvedic technique. It can be done using oils like sunflower oil or sesame oil. Thus, Scientific validations of the Ayurvedic dental health practices could justify their incorporation into modern dental care. Use of safe, quality products and practices should be ensured based on available evidence if traditional medicine is to be acknowledged as part of primary health care.
Spatial mapping and enshrined capacity: Assessment of COVID-19 servicing Indian hospitals
In Public health crises like COVID-19, healthcare services alone won‟t essentially cause the well-liked changes within the health status and outcome. Human resources with needed competency for managing healthcare crisis could be a challenge, and can‟t be over accentuated. A systemic approach adopted to analyze knowledge, management, and delivery of COVID-19 services in the Indian context while the concentration curve alongside regression statistical techniques was used to examine the nature of competency and skill variations among the health-functionaries. Training processes on COVID-19 aren‟t streamlined and systematic. The method of organizing a training programme depends upon the need-based mostly. This mirrored within the variability of health-functionaries reported with adverse events, infected with the coronavirus. Several COVID-19 strategies focused on healthcare-functionaries and its associated front-liners to save lots of lives and alter the lifestyles of the population. The stigmatized COVID-19 disease brutally distanced the frontline health-workers and socially distanced the sufferers' delay in reporting, with heightened morbidity and mortality. Training is just on information rather than on competencies for action. The quality training and the level of community-based health intervention flaunted not to expect health functionaries to perform expectedly. Training-competency and skills-related inequality and inequity in health exist. There‟s a necessity to sources information equitably to empower the healthcare providers to deliver service effectively.
Coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic Frontline workers PPE kits
Therapeutic potential of medicinal herbs in the management of COVID-19
Medicinal plants have been in constant use since ancient times and are proven to be effective from time to time and even today, herbs are in great demand due to their high therapeutic values. The present paper highlights the usage of medicinal herbs against COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) which has brought on a global outbreak of severe respiratory disease. The Indian device of holistic medicine regarded as “Ayurveda” is playing a key role in controlling COVID-19 and its associated symptoms. Nutraceuticals and natural medicines can act as complementary preventive remedies for COVID-19. The literature survey presented several plant secondary metabolites that confirmed significant antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 through inhibiting the main proteins used in their pathogenesis and replication. This evaluation specializes in interpreting the capability of various secondary metabolites from medicinal herbs as healing alternatives, both as inhibitors of healing goals of SARS-CoV-2 or as blockers of viral debris access through host molecular receptors. The use of medicinal plants containing specific phytochemicals can be seen in offering a more secure and long-lasting answer for the population with lesser side effects. This review suggests certain Indian traditional medicinal plants as possible therapeutic targets exclusively against SARS-CoV-2.
Coronavirus Herbal drugs Mechanism of action Phytochemicals Symptoms Transmission
Caesalpinia crista L.: A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties
Caesalpinia crista L. (Caesalpiniaceae) is a well-known medicinally useful plant. The plant grows mainly on the river banks in tidal forests near the eastern sea-coast from Orissa, and western sea-coast from Konkan southwards, and in the Sunderbans in West Bengal, in Bhopal and Himachal Pradesh. It is traditionally valued and reported for treating anthelmintic, tumour, removing the placenta, anti-microbial, liver disorders, febrifugal, pain, inflammation, rheumatism, respiratory disorders, fever, stone in the bladder, malarial fever treatment of hernia, swellings, asthma and colic. Caesalpinia crista contains alkaloids, cassane-diterpenes, flavonoids, nor-cassane diterpenes, proteins, saponins, triterpenoids, etc. Root, stem, leaves and seed are used as anthelmintic, anti-inflammation, analgesic activity, antioxidant, anti-tumour, anti-malarial activity. This review aims to provide a detailed overview of the traditional and ethnomedicinal uses, chemistry and biological activities of Caesalpinia crista possibly make recommendations for further research.
Caesalpinia crista Pharmacology Phytochemistry Traditional uses
Self-reported effects of dysmenorrhea and its impact on health-related quality of life among female students of three tertiary institutions in Delta State of Nigeria
Dysmenorrhea is a condition frequently reported by women of childbearing age. It may be accompanied by a number of symptoms. The severity of the symptoms of dysmenorrhea may significantly affect the professional activity of women, as well as their family and social life and also their emotional state. This study examined the self-reported effects of dysmenorrhea and its impact on the health-related quality of life of young women at the College of Education, Agbor, Delta State University Abraka and School of Health, Ufuoma. The research design was descriptive and cross-sectional employing the questionnaire as a research instrument. A total of 400 female students were randomly selected in the three institutions. SPSS Version 24 was used for the analysis. Most of the study groups were women between 16 and 27 years of age, with higher education, not married and not having children. The common symptoms experienced during menstruation were fatigue (26.3%), dizziness (15.3%) and headache (14.8%). On the impact on quality of life, 33.7%, 25.8%, 23.9% and 16.6% of all respondents always experienced negative effects in their social, career, sex and family lives respectively. The severity of menstrual cramps and diagnosis of health-associated risks among respondents from the various institutions were correlated in only Delta State University (p=0.022 and 0.002) and Delta-State School of Health (p=0.006 and 0.013) with effect on social and sex life of respondents respectively. Dysmenorrhea is an important health problem for adolescents, which adversely affects the daily activities and quality of life for adolescent women.
Adolescent women Dysmenorrhea Nausea Pelvic anatomy Quality of life
A review on pharmacological actions of Ferula asafoetida oleo-gum-resin (hingu) in the management of abdominal pain
Albeit the fact that Hingu (the oleo gum resin) is a popular kitchen spice and Indian folklore medicine for gut disorders, it’s a role in abdominal pain is greatly challenged in the shade of contemporary science researches. Being the easy availability even in your kitchen, it can be the best option to treat abdominal pain even in acute conditions. Several analytical & experimental works have been performed to substantiate the various pharmacological actions of Hingu, out of which many are related to abdominal pain relief. Here we reviewed such studies and put out such actions which may be very helpful to establish Hingu as the potent abdominal pain-relieving drug from the views of contemporary researches. Purpose of this article is to provide a scholarly review of research studies related to pharmacological actions of Hingu responsible for abdominal pain relief and to establish the fact that Hingu is a potent drug for abdominal pain. The review centralizes on published research articles in the MEDLINE, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Scopus. Search criteria included research articles and publications written in English with keywords Hingu, Oleo gum resin, Shool, Abdominal pain. From the vivid overview and discussion, we conclude that Hingu has sufficient potency to encounter most of the mechanisms responsible for abdominal pain.
Abdominal pain Ferula asafoetida Hingu Oleo gum resin Shool
Isolation of a new flavanone and evaluation of antidiabetic activity from Clematis buchananiana aerial parts
The present study aimed to explore the phytochemistry and antidiabetic activity of Clematis buchananiana DC. A new compound (1) characterized as 3-[(11’’-hydroxy, 3’’,6’’,10’’,10’’-tetramethyldodecene)] 6-[(3’’’,4’’’,4’’’-trimethylhexene)] 5,7,2’,4’,6’pentahydroxy 8, 3’,5’ tri methyl flavanone was isolated from the aerial parts of the plant. The methanolic extract of the plant at a concentration of 1 mg/mL showed a 75.00% reduction in α-amylase and 73.13% in α-glucosidase enzyme activity. Moreover, the methanolic extract at 100 mg/kg b.w. showed a significant decline in blood glucose levels of alloxan-induced diabetic rats both in acute and chronic studies. The results were compared with glibenclamide, an oral hypoglycemic agent, which was used as a positive control. The present study concludes that the plant has substantial antidiabetic potential in diabetic rats. These results are indicative and further studies are needed to revalidate the findings.
Alloxan Blood glucose Clematis buchananiana Diabetes mellitus α-Amylase
Colourants used in food and pharmaceuticals – A comparison of natural and synthetic colours
Colourants are mainly used to impart a distinctive appearance to the food and various pharmaceutical dosage forms. Colourants can be considered as the cosmetics for food and dosage forms as the aesthetic appearance are enhanced by various colours. The colourants are strictly studied, regulated and monitored before it is used at the intended level. The colourants used may be either naturally occurring colours or synthetically prepared. A colourant is a substance which when applied to a food, drug or cosmetics is capable of imparting colour. FDA is responsible for regulating all colourants are safe to eat, contain only approved colours and are accurately labelled and certified. Colours are those which are synthetically prepared and are capable of imparting an intense uniform colour, less expensive and blend more easily to create a huge variety of hues. Good health makes a lot of sense, but it doesn’t make a lot of dollars. Manufactured food is pumped full of toxic chemicals meant to dress it up and entice consumers to buy. The synthetic colours are responsible for specific teratogenic and carcinogenic effects.
Carcinogenic effect Colourants Natural colours Synthetic colours Pharmaceutical dosage forms Toxic chemicals
Ayurveda: A world where diabetes can do no harm
The acceptance and inclination of people towards so-called westernization have lead the human into a great trap of lifestyle-related disorders like diabetes. An alarming increase in the incidence of diabetes is an issue of great concern worldwide. India has turned out to be the diabetic capital of the world. The whole world is having an eye over Ayurveda with a hope to provide a better standard of living. A 65-year old aged person came to the OPD of All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA) with the complaints of frequent urination, generalized weakness, tingling sensation, etc. markedly high blood sugar levels and no such associated complications. He had a sitting job profile of long-hours duration and had a sedentary lifestyle. The patient was examined using all Ayurvedic parameters and WHO criteria as well. After a thorough examination, he was diagnosed as diabetic or stoola pramehi with kaphapittaja prakriti for the very first time. He was prescribed with traditional Ayurvedic medications as mainstream therapy without any other system of medicine. He is on Ayurvedic treatment for the last 2 years. Significant reduction in the blood sugar levels was noted and the quality of life improved to about three times with the ongoing Ayurvedic medicines and the dietary regimens mentioned in the classics. Presently, the patient is living with a good and appreciable standard of health. The immense commercial potential of Ayurvedic science and its three-dimensional approach towards maintaining health in the physical, mental and spiritual plane attracted the highly stressed western population who have reached the saturation point of emotional, physical and moral insecurity. Ayurveda has been constantly struggling to keep pace with the growing craze of its own people towards westernization.it can prove to be the most effective therapy to reduce the financial burden of lifestyle disorders like diabetes in future.
Ayurveda Diabetes Lifestyle disorders Pramehi Traditional medicine
Bladder cancer – A review of its pathology, diagnosis and treatment
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most frequent bacterial infections, affecting an estimated 150 million individuals globally each year. In elderly people, urinary retention is a common condition in which the people in their 70s and 80s have respectively 10% and 30% possibility of acute urinary retention. Inadequate care for the disease can result in unnecessarily high morbidity and, in rare cases, death. The management has substantially improved as the understanding of its pathophysiology has grown through time. Bladder cancer is a frequent malignant tumour of the urinary system, with a subsequent high rate and high prevalence. While the incidence of bladder cancer has been rising in recent decades, the widespread of bladder carcinoma is growing in younger people. There are various techniques for detecting bladder cancer, but each approach has a varied rate of precision, which is determined by the accuracy and precision of the procedure. The present study aimed to comprehensively review existing bladder cancer investigative techniques found in the literature and, at the very same time, to determine the optimal mixture of several successful methods capable of finding the occurrence of malignant cells in the bladder with a reasonable level of accuracy. The review also covered a comprehensive knowledge of the urinary system, pathophysiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and assessment of bladder cancer. The findings of this study can aid in the development of a reliable approach for identifying bladder cancer and the identification of problem areas to be again improvised for upcoming research.
Anatomy Cancer Diagnosis Pathogenesis Pathophysiology Urinary system
Knowledge, practice and other correlates of emergency contraception among female undergraduate students of Niger Delta University, Bayelsa state, Nigeria
Women and couples continue to experience unintended pregnancies at high rates. There is a critical role for emergency contraception (EC) in preventing those pregnancies. The study was conducted among randomly selected 217 undergraduate female students in Niger Delta University to evaluate their knowledge, awareness, practice and other correlates of emergency contraception. A cross-sectional study design using a validated questionnaire was employed. Data was analyzed with SPSS Version 27 and Graph Pad. Respondents were aged 15 -25 years (69.2%); single (84.6%); Christians (92.3%); lived off campus (92.3%); drawn from faculties of Arts (23.1%), Nursing (25%), Pharmacy (30.7%) and Science (22%); study levels used were 500 level (38.5%), 400 level (23.1%), 300 level (26.9%), and 200 level (11.5%). All respondents reported to be aware of EC; 46.2% believed that the appropriate time to take EC is 24-48 hrs. After intercourse, majority (84.6%) reported to have used Levonorgestrol; 92.3% reported post-coital EC should be within 72 hours. Regarding effectiveness, 73% opined EC was effective to varying degrees; only 26.9% had experienced side effects; the major side effects experienced were: Menstrual changes/disturbances (60.6%), Headache (38.5%), and Nausea/Vomiting (37.5%); 57.7% of the participants agreed that EC use will lead to potency loss and 46.1% opined that excessive use of EC will lead to drug abuse. There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.001) in the responses from across faculties and study levels regarding the maximum acceptable time for postcoital EC, EC in relation to abortion and STIs. Although awareness about post-coital EC is high, the knowledge about key aspects of EC is poor and misconception is high among these students. There is a need to improve the knowledge and the attitude level of the participants about EC.
Emergency contraception Menstrual changes Sexual activity Undergraduate students Unintended pregnancy
A clinical trial for the efficacy of Ashwagandha powder in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a ceaseless mental issue that is causally connected to the dysregulation of the serotonergic framework. OCD is believed to be a standout amongst the most obstinate and impairing nervousness related mental issues in the network, described by steady and pain causing considerations (obsessions), which are egodystonic and apparently intentional conduct (impulses). The present examination has assessed the viability of Ashwagandha choorna (powder). The powder at a dose of 4.5 g, twice a day, after sustenance, nearby nectar was given to them orally for multi-month. In the wake of completing treatment, follow-up was done. Three examinations of before treatment, after treatment and after improvement were done. Criteria of examination relied upon the scoring of Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) and Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Symptom Checklist was used to perceive signs. Paired 't' test was used for real appraisal. The results showed that Ashwagandha powder gave 24.66% of help (p<0.001) on Y-BOCS, which was considered as a clinically non-significant.
Ashwagandha Ayurveda Compulsive Disorder Withania somnifera
Management therapy against etiopathogenesis of hyperemesis gravidarum
The symptoms of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy are normal and manageable at home. However, the condition of extreme severity, called hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), may require hospitalization. HG influences up to 3% of pregnancies and is described by weight reduction, dehydration and electrolyte deficiency. HG has critical complications for maternal prosperity and is related to unfriendly birth results that need prompt medical services. Alteration of type and quantity of foods consumed over the day might assist with improving the symptoms. Having more digestive food and liquids frequently can also assist in preventing morning sickness and vomiting. Ladies who are impacted by this problem should be stayed away from stress and get as much rest as possible. A patient needs to visit a clinician in case the symptoms are severe. In this way, continue monitoring and medications are highly recommended. The present review comprised of important information about hyperemesis gravidarum and its aetiology and pathophysiology together with its treatment options.
Hyperemesis gravidarum Nausea Pregnancy Therapeutic medicines
Mucoadhesive assessment – An encyclopedic review
Primary objectives behind the use of mucoadhesive drug delivery devices are to prolong their residential time at the particular site to make them target specific, and to enhance the drug absorption process. In this way, the measurement of mucoadhesivity is a crucial step to design the mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. The strategy of the use of mucoadhesive polymeric materials to improve the efficacy of therapeutic treatments has been introduced as long ago and the approach is still of a great interest in the field of pharmaceutical sciences. Nowadays, various methods used to measure the mucoadhesivity are included in the present review. These systems are usually in vitro or ex vivo in nature, and due to their relative ease of implementation and cost-effectiveness, these are limited in scope and still a serious need to improve their trait. The selection of such systems for the in vivo studies is a big challenge. Hence, the new discovery in the field of mucoadhesive drug delivery could be a great achievement to the scientific society.
Transmucosal drug delivery Soft palates Sublingual cavities Bio-polymers