Patient-specific 3D-printed biodegradable scaffolds for regenerative endodontic therapy

Abstract

Regenerative endodontic therapy has emerged as a promising biologically based approach for restoring the vitality and function of damaged pulp–dentin tissues. However, conventional scaffold materials often lack the ability to conform precisely to the complex anatomy of individual root canal systems, limiting their regenerative potential. Patient-specific three-dimensional (3D)-printed biodegradable scaffolds represent an innovative solution by integrating advanced imaging, digital design, and additive manufacturing to produce customized constructs that closely match patient-specific anatomical features. These scaffolds provide a favorable microenvironment for stem cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation, vascularization, and controlled tissue regeneration while gradually degrading as new tissue forms. Advances in biomaterials, bioactive molecule incorporation, and scaffold surface modification have further enhanced their biological performance and clinical applicability. Despite encouraging preclinical and early clinical findings, challenges remain regarding material optimization, manufacturing standardization, cost, regulatory approval, and long-term clinical validation. Continued integration of digital dentistry, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine is expected to accelerate the translation of personalized scaffold technologies into routine endodontic practice. Patient-specific 3D-printed biodegradable scaffolds therefore represent a significant advancement toward predictable, minimally invasive, and biologically driven regenerative endodontic treatment.