3D bioprinting of pulp tissue using dental pulp stem cells and bioactive hydrogels

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3d) bioprinting has emerged as a transformative strategy in regenerative
endodontics by enabling the fabrication of biomimetic pulp tissue constructs that closely
replicate the native dental pulp microenvironment. This approach combines dental pulp stem
cells (dpscs), which possess high proliferative, angiogenic, neurogenic, and odontogenic
potential, with bioactive hydrogels that serve as supportive bioinks for cell encapsulation
and tissue development. Advances in hydrogel engineering have improved scaffold
biocompatibility, printability, and biodegradability while promoting cell survival, proliferation,
and differentiation into functional pulp-like tissues. Modern bioprinting technologies also
allow precise spatial organization of cells and biomaterials, facilitating the formation of
vascularized and structurally stable tissue constructs suitable for regenerative applications.
Despite significant progress, challenges remain, including optimization of vascular integration,
mechanical stability, long-term functionality, and translation from laboratory research to
routine clinical practice. Continued innovations in biomaterials, biofabrication techniques,
and personalized scaffold design are expected to accelerate the development of clinically
applicable pulp regeneration therapies. Overall, 3d bioprinting using dental pulp stem cells
and bioactive hydrogels represents a promising frontier for restoring pulp vitality, preserving
natural tooth structure, and advancing minimally invasive regenerative dental treatments.