Development of Self-healing Bioactive Endodontic Sealers Containing Microcapsules that Release Calcium Silicate after Microcrack Formation

Abstract

The development of self-healing bioactive endodontic sealers represents an innovative approach to improving the long-term success of root canal treatment. Conventional sealers are susceptible to degradation, shrinkage, and microcrack formation over time, which may compromise the apical seal and permit bacterial reinfection. Incorporating microcapsules containing calcium silicate into bioactive sealer formulations offers a promising strategy for autonomous repair of these defects. When microcracks develop within the sealer matrix, the embedded microcapsules rupture and release calcium silicate, initiating a mineralization process that fills the cracks and restores sealing integrity. In addition to self-repair, calcium silicate contributes to bioactivity by promoting hydroxyapatite formation, stimulating periapical tissue healing, and enhancing the biological compatibility of the material. The integration of antibacterial nanoparticles and advanced encapsulation technologies may further improve resistance to microbial colonization while maintaining favorable mechanical properties. This emerging biomaterial concept combines regenerative potential with intelligent material design to enhance the durability and clinical performance of endodontic sealers. Although current findings indicate considerable promise, further optimization of microcapsule characteristics, healing efficiency, and long-term mechanical stability, together with comprehensive laboratory investigations and well-designed clinical studies, is required before these self-healing bioactive sealers can be widely adopted in routine endodontic practice.